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Shigeyoshi "Shig" Murao (December 8, 1926 – October 18, 1999) is mainly remembered as the City Lights clerk who was arrested on June 3, 1957, for selling Allen Ginsberg's ''Howl'' to an undercover San Francisco police officer.〔Bill Morgan and Nancy Peters, ''Howl on Trial,'' City Lights Books, 2006, p. 2〕 In the trial that followed, Murao was charged with selling the book and Lawrence Ferlinghetti with publishing it. Murao and Ferlinghetti were exonerated and ''Howl'' was judged protected under the First Amendment, a decision that paved the way for the publication of Henry Miller, D.H. Lawrence, William Burroughs, and many other writers who offended puritanical elements of society.〔Evelyn Nieves,"Ferlinghetti's City Lights, Still A Beacon at 50," ''Washington Post,'' 6/9/03〕 Murao and his twin sister Shizuko were born on December 8, 1926, in Seattle, Washington. In 1942, following the attack on Pearl Harbor, Murao and his family were interned at the Minidoka War Relocation Center, Idaho. He joined the Military Intelligence Service in 1944, and worked in post-war Japan as an interpreter. Ferlinghetti and Peter Martin, the co-founder of City Lights, hired Murao as a clerk soon after the store opened in June 1953. Murao worked without pay for the first few weeks, but eventually became the manager of the bookstore,〔Shawn Hubler, "City Lights Illuminates the Past," ''Los Angeles Times,'' 5/27/03〕 and his genial personality set the tone for the bookstore.〔Bill Morgan, ''The Beat Generation in San Francisco,'' City Lights Books, 2003, p. 5〕 He continued in that position until 1976, building friendships with many of the Beat icons, including Ginsberg, who became a close friend and would stay at Murao's Grant Avenue apartment when visiting the Bay Area.〔Gordon Ball, "'Howl' and Other Victories: A friend remembers City Lights' Shig Murao," ''San Francisco Chronicle,'' 11/28/99〕 Murao suffered the first in a series of strokes in the fall of 1975. When he returned to work Ferlinghetti wanted to bring in new management. Murao refused this arrangement and walked away from the store that has been his life. Murao and Ferlinghetti never reconciled.〔Shawn Hubler〕 Murao was not himself a poet, but he played a key role in the San Francisco Beat scene and had a large circle of friends, including Ginsberg, Michael McClure, Gary Snyder, Richard Brautigan, and many other literary and Beat-era figures. After his separation from City Lights, he held court in the Caffe Trieste and published a photocopied zine called ''Shig's Review''.〔Gordon Ball〕 The first three issues of ''Shig's Review,'' published in 1960 and 1969, were printed and bound. Beginning in 1983, Murao revived the review as a photocopied zine. He would take a collection of poems, photos, poetry reading fliers, or his own collages to a copy shop and make twenty or thirty copies. He would then staple them in the corner, put his hanko on the cover in red ink, and walk down to the Caffe Trieste, where he would give them to his friends. Murao published about eighty issues of the quirky review before his death.〔(Shig's Review Sampler )〕 In the nineties Murao moved to an assisted living home in Palo Alto, California, and briefly recreated his life in North Beach, visiting cafes and bookstores in an electric wheelchair. After an accident in the wheelchair, he moved to a convalescent hospital in Cupertino, California, where he died in 1999.〔 ==Notes== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Shig Murao」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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